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Life Process : All the processes which together keep the living organisms live and perform the job of body maintenance are called life process.
Example : Nutrition, Respiration, Transportation, and Excretion.
Nutrition : It is process in which an organism takes food and utilize it to get energy, for growth and repair is called nutrition.
The material which provide nutrition to living organisms are called nutrient.
Types of Nutrition :
Autotrophic Nutrition :- The nutrition in which organisms make their own food from inorganic raw material like carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight is called autotrophic.
Example : Green plants and Blue-green algae.
Autotrophs : The organisms which follows autotrophic mode of nutrition are called autotrophs.
Heterotrophic Nutrition : The mode of nutrition in which an organism cannot make its own food from simple inorganic materials and depends on other organisms for its food are called heterotrophic nutrition.
All the animals have a heterotrophic mode of nutrition. Most bacteria and fungi also have a heterotrophic mode of nutrition
Types of Heterotrophic nutrition :
1. Saprotrophic Nutrition : The mode of nutrition in which an organism obtains its food from dead and decaying organic matters of dead plants, animal and rotten bread etc.
Example : Mushroom and yeast, fungus
2. Parasitic Nutrition : The mode of nutrition in which an organism obtains its food from the body of another organism (called its host) without killing it.
The organism which obtains the food is called a ‘parasite’, and the organism from whose body food is obtained is called the “host’. Cuscuta (amarbel), leeche, Mosquito, Tapeworm
3. Holozoic nutrition : The mode of nutrition in which an organism takes the complex organic food materials into its body by the process of ingestion, the ingested food is digested and then absorbed into the body cells of the organism. The undigested and unabsorbed part of the food is thrown out of the body of the organism by the process of egestion .
The human beings and most of the animals have a holozoic mode of nutrition.
Holozoic nutrition takes place in the following step : -
Ingestion ➡Digestion ➡Absorption ➡ Assimilation ➡ Egestion
Nutrition : It is process in which an organism takes food and utilize it to get energy, for growth and repair is called nutrition.
The material which provide nutrition to living organisms are called nutrient.
Types of Nutrition :
Autotrophic Nutrition :- The nutrition in which organisms make their own food from inorganic raw material like carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight is called autotrophic.
Example : Green plants and Blue-green algae.
Autotrophs : The organisms which follows autotrophic mode of nutrition are called autotrophs.
Heterotrophic Nutrition : The mode of nutrition in which an organism cannot make its own food from simple inorganic materials and depends on other organisms for its food are called heterotrophic nutrition.
All the animals have a heterotrophic mode of nutrition. Most bacteria and fungi also have a heterotrophic mode of nutrition
Types of Heterotrophic nutrition :
1. Saprotrophic Nutrition : The mode of nutrition in which an organism obtains its food from dead and decaying organic matters of dead plants, animal and rotten bread etc.
Example : Mushroom and yeast, fungus
2. Parasitic Nutrition : The mode of nutrition in which an organism obtains its food from the body of another organism (called its host) without killing it.
The organism which obtains the food is called a ‘parasite’, and the organism from whose body food is obtained is called the “host’. Cuscuta (amarbel), leeche, Mosquito, Tapeworm
3. Holozoic nutrition : The mode of nutrition in which an organism takes the complex organic food materials into its body by the process of ingestion, the ingested food is digested and then absorbed into the body cells of the organism. The undigested and unabsorbed part of the food is thrown out of the body of the organism by the process of egestion .
The human beings and most of the animals have a holozoic mode of nutrition.
Holozoic nutrition takes place in the following step : -
Ingestion ➡Digestion ➡Absorption ➡ Assimilation ➡ Egestion
Autotrophic nutrition in plants :
Photosynthesis :The process by which green plant make their own food by CO₂ and H₂O in presence of chlorophyll and sunlight is called photosynthesis.
Oxygen gas is released during photosynthesis
6CO₂ + 12H₂O ➡Chlorophyll/Sunlight ➡ C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ + 6H₂O
The following events take place during the photosynthesis
1. Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
2. Conversion of light energy into chemical energy and splitting of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen
3. Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates.
Conditions required for photosynthesis
(1) Sunlight - Sunlight is the source of energy for photosynthesis. So sunlight is neccessary for the process of photosynthesis. Green plants convert the energy provided by the sun into chemical energy.
(2) Chlorophyll - In cross section of a leaf some cells have green dots. These green dots are called chloroplasts which contain chlorophyll. The site of photosynthesis in a cells of a leaf is chloroplast. Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
Raw materials required for photosynthesis :
(1) Carbon Dioxide - The green plants take Carbon Dioxide from the atmosphere. There are a large number of tiny pores called stomata on the surface of the leaves of plants. The exchange of gases in plants takes place through these stomata (and other green parts).
Each stoma is surrounded by a pair of guard cells. The opening and closing of stomatal pores is controlled by the guard cells.
When water flows into the guard cells, they swell, causing the pore to open. Similarly when the guard cells lose water, they shrink and close the stomatal pore.(2) Water - The water required for photosynthesis is absorbed from the soil by the roots of the plants.
The plants also need other raw materials such as nitrogen, phosphorus, iron and magnesium which are taken from the soil.
Photosynthesis :The process by which green plant make their own food by CO₂ and H₂O in presence of chlorophyll and sunlight is called photosynthesis.
Oxygen gas is released during photosynthesis
6CO₂ + 12H₂O ➡Chlorophyll/Sunlight ➡ C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ + 6H₂O
The following events take place during the photosynthesis
1. Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
2. Conversion of light energy into chemical energy and splitting of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen
3. Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates.
Conditions required for photosynthesis
(1) Sunlight - Sunlight is the source of energy for photosynthesis. So sunlight is neccessary for the process of photosynthesis. Green plants convert the energy provided by the sun into chemical energy.
(2) Chlorophyll - In cross section of a leaf some cells have green dots. These green dots are called chloroplasts which contain chlorophyll. The site of photosynthesis in a cells of a leaf is chloroplast. Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
Raw materials required for photosynthesis :
(1) Carbon Dioxide - The green plants take Carbon Dioxide from the atmosphere. There are a large number of tiny pores called stomata on the surface of the leaves of plants. The exchange of gases in plants takes place through these stomata (and other green parts).
Each stoma is surrounded by a pair of guard cells. The opening and closing of stomatal pores is controlled by the guard cells.
When water flows into the guard cells, they swell, causing the pore to open. Similarly when the guard cells lose water, they shrink and close the stomatal pore.(2) Water - The water required for photosynthesis is absorbed from the soil by the roots of the plants.
The plants also need other raw materials such as nitrogen, phosphorus, iron and magnesium which are taken from the soil.
Nutrition in Amoeba :
Amoeba is a unicellular organism.
The mode of nutution in Amoeba is holozaic.
The process of obtaining food by Amoeba is called phagocytosis.
Amoeba ingests food by using its pseudopodia {fingerlike projections) which fuse over the food particle forming a food-vacuole.
Inside food vacuole complex subsantances broken down- in to simple subsantances which are absorbed into the cytoplasm by diffusion.
The remaining undigested material is moved to the surface of the cell and thrown out.
Amoeba is a unicellular organism.
The mode of nutution in Amoeba is holozaic.
The process of obtaining food by Amoeba is called phagocytosis.
Amoeba ingests food by using its pseudopodia {fingerlike projections) which fuse over the food particle forming a food-vacuole.
Inside food vacuole complex subsantances broken down- in to simple subsantances which are absorbed into the cytoplasm by diffusion.
The remaining undigested material is moved to the surface of the cell and thrown out.
Paramecium is also a unicellular animal.
The mode of nutrition in Paramecium is holozoic.
Paramecium uses its cilia to sweep the food particles from water and put them into an oral groove.
Inside food vacuole complex subsantances broken down- in to simple subsantances which are absorbed into the cytoplasm by diffusion.
The remaining undigested material is moved to the surface of the cell and thrown out.
The mode of nutrition in Paramecium is holozoic.
Paramecium uses its cilia to sweep the food particles from water and put them into an oral groove.
Inside food vacuole complex subsantances broken down- in to simple subsantances which are absorbed into the cytoplasm by diffusion.
The remaining undigested material is moved to the surface of the cell and thrown out.
Nutrition in Human Beings :
The nutrition in human beings takes place through human digestive system. The human digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and its associated glands.
The human alimentary canal which runs from mouth to anus is about 9 metres long tube. Mouth, Oesophagus (or Food pipe), Stomach, Small intestine and Large intestine are the main part of alimentary canal.
The glands which are associated with the human digestive system are: Salivary glands, Liver and Pancreas.
The various steps of nutrition in human beings.
1. Ingestion : The process of taking food into the body is called ingestion. The food is ingested through mouth with the help of hands.
2. Digestion : The process in which the food containing large, insoluble molecules is broken down into small, water-soluble molecules which can be absorbed by the body, is called digestion..
(i) Mouth : The digestion of food begins mouth. The mouth opens into a bowl-shaped mouth-cavity. The mouth cavity (or buccal cavity) contains teeth, tongue, and salivary glands.
The teeth cut the food into small pieces, chew and grind it.
The food is moved around the mouth while chewing by the muscular tongue.
The tongue helps in mixing the saliva with food.
Salivary glands:
Three pairs of salivary glands are found in the buccul cavity. Salivary glands secrete saliva.
The saliva contains an enzyme called salivary amylase that breaks down starch into sugar. Thus, the digestion of starch (carbohydrate) begins into the mouth itself.
Saliva makes the food smooth and soluble and helps in swallowing.
(ii) Oesophagus (Food pipe) : The oesophagus takes food into the stomach through Peristaltic mouement. This peristaltic movement of food pipe (or oesophagus) pushes the slightly digested food into the stomach.
The contraction and expansion movement of the walls of food pipe is called peristaltic movement.
(iii) Stomach : The stomach is a J-shaped organ present on the left side of the abdomen.
The gastric glands present in the wall of the stomach secrete the gastric juice which contains hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and mucus.
The HCl creates an acidic medium which helps in the action of pepsin enzyme. it also kill harmfull Pathogens.
Pepsin is a protein digestive enzyme which digested protein in the food.
The mucus helps to protect the stomach wall from its own secretions of hydrochloric acid.
(iv) Small intestine : The small intestine is the longest part of the alimentary canal (6.5 meters/ 22 feet)
The small intestine is divided into two parts. The part attached to the stomach is known as duodenum and the part attached to large intestine is known as ileum.
The small intestine is the site of the complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
The partially digested food then goes from the stomach into the small intestine.
The exit of food from stomach is regulated by a ‘sphincter muscle’
The small inestine receives the secretions from the two glands liver and pancreas
Liver : Liver secretes bile juice which is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder.
Bile juice performs two functions :
Bile juice makes the acidic food alkaline so that pancreatic enzymes can act on it
Bile juice break the fats present in the food into small globules
Pancreas : Pancreas secretes pancreatic juice which contains digestive enzymes pancreatic amylase, trypsin and lipase.
The amylase breaks down the starch, the trypsin digests the proteins and the lipase breaks down the emulsified fats.
The walls of the small intestine contain glands which secrete intestinal juice. The enzymes present in it finally convert the proteins to amino acids, complex carbohydrates into glucose and fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
3. Absorption : The inner surface of the small intestine has finger-like projections called villi which increase the surface area for absorption.
The digested food which is absorbed through walls of small intestine goes into are blood.
4. Assimalation : The blood caries digested and dissolved food to each and every cell of the body where it is utilized for obtaining energy, building new tissues and the repair of and old tissues.
5. Egestion
(v) large intestine : The undigested food is sent large intestine. The walls of large intestine absorb most of the water from the undigested food.
The last part of the large intestine called ‘rectum’ The undigested food stores in rectum for some time.
The rest of the material is removed from the body via the anus. The exit of this waste material is regulated by the anal sphincte.
The nutrition in human beings takes place through human digestive system. The human digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and its associated glands.
The human alimentary canal which runs from mouth to anus is about 9 metres long tube. Mouth, Oesophagus (or Food pipe), Stomach, Small intestine and Large intestine are the main part of alimentary canal.
The glands which are associated with the human digestive system are: Salivary glands, Liver and Pancreas.
The various steps of nutrition in human beings.
1. Ingestion : The process of taking food into the body is called ingestion. The food is ingested through mouth with the help of hands.
2. Digestion : The process in which the food containing large, insoluble molecules is broken down into small, water-soluble molecules which can be absorbed by the body, is called digestion..
(i) Mouth : The digestion of food begins mouth. The mouth opens into a bowl-shaped mouth-cavity. The mouth cavity (or buccal cavity) contains teeth, tongue, and salivary glands.
The teeth cut the food into small pieces, chew and grind it.
The food is moved around the mouth while chewing by the muscular tongue.
The tongue helps in mixing the saliva with food.
Salivary glands:
Three pairs of salivary glands are found in the buccul cavity. Salivary glands secrete saliva.
The saliva contains an enzyme called salivary amylase that breaks down starch into sugar. Thus, the digestion of starch (carbohydrate) begins into the mouth itself.
Saliva makes the food smooth and soluble and helps in swallowing.
(ii) Oesophagus (Food pipe) : The oesophagus takes food into the stomach through Peristaltic mouement. This peristaltic movement of food pipe (or oesophagus) pushes the slightly digested food into the stomach.
The contraction and expansion movement of the walls of food pipe is called peristaltic movement.
(iii) Stomach : The stomach is a J-shaped organ present on the left side of the abdomen.
The gastric glands present in the wall of the stomach secrete the gastric juice which contains hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and mucus.
The HCl creates an acidic medium which helps in the action of pepsin enzyme. it also kill harmfull Pathogens.
Pepsin is a protein digestive enzyme which digested protein in the food.
The mucus helps to protect the stomach wall from its own secretions of hydrochloric acid.
(iv) Small intestine : The small intestine is the longest part of the alimentary canal (6.5 meters/ 22 feet)
The small intestine is divided into two parts. The part attached to the stomach is known as duodenum and the part attached to large intestine is known as ileum.
The small intestine is the site of the complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
The partially digested food then goes from the stomach into the small intestine.
The exit of food from stomach is regulated by a ‘sphincter muscle’
The small inestine receives the secretions from the two glands liver and pancreas
Liver : Liver secretes bile juice which is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder.
Bile juice performs two functions :
Bile juice makes the acidic food alkaline so that pancreatic enzymes can act on it
Bile juice break the fats present in the food into small globules
Pancreas : Pancreas secretes pancreatic juice which contains digestive enzymes pancreatic amylase, trypsin and lipase.
The amylase breaks down the starch, the trypsin digests the proteins and the lipase breaks down the emulsified fats.
The walls of the small intestine contain glands which secrete intestinal juice. The enzymes present in it finally convert the proteins to amino acids, complex carbohydrates into glucose and fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
3. Absorption : The inner surface of the small intestine has finger-like projections called villi which increase the surface area for absorption.
The digested food which is absorbed through walls of small intestine goes into are blood.
4. Assimalation : The blood caries digested and dissolved food to each and every cell of the body where it is utilized for obtaining energy, building new tissues and the repair of and old tissues.
5. Egestion
(v) large intestine : The undigested food is sent large intestine. The walls of large intestine absorb most of the water from the undigested food.
The last part of the large intestine called ‘rectum’ The undigested food stores in rectum for some time.
The rest of the material is removed from the body via the anus. The exit of this waste material is regulated by the anal sphincte.
Respiration
Respiration is a process in which glucose is broken down with or without the help of O₂ to release energy.
This process takes place inside the cell so it is also known as cellular respiration
The mechenism by which organism obtain O₂ and release CO₂ it is called breathing. Where are respiration include breathing as well as oxidation of food in cells of organisms to release energy.
Breathing is a physical preocess whereas respiration include physical as well as bio-chemical process.
The process of breathing involes lungs whereas respiration involue lungs and mitochondria.
Types of respiration :
Respiration is a biochemical process in which first of all the six-carbon molecule glucose is broken down into the three-carbon molecule pyruvate. This process takes place in the cytoplasm.
Aerobic respiration : The respiration in which pyruvate molecule breaks into CO₂, H₂O and energy with the help of O₂ in mitochondria to called aerobic respiration.
Glucose → Cytoplasma → Pyruvate →mitochondria→ CO₂ + H₂O +Energy
Anaerobic respiration : The respiration in which Pyruvate molecule breaks Into ethanol, CO₂, and energy without the help of O₂ in in yeast during fermentation to called aerobic respiration.
Glucose → Cytoplasma → Pyruvate →yeast → Ethanol + H₂O +Energy
Anaerobic Respiration in Muscles :
Sometimes when there is a lack of O₂ in our muscle cells another pathway for break down of pyruvate take place which produce lactic acid and energy. This build-up of lactic acid in our muscles during sudden activity causes cramps.
This process takes place inside the cell so it is also known as cellular respiration
The mechenism by which organism obtain O₂ and release CO₂ it is called breathing. Where are respiration include breathing as well as oxidation of food in cells of organisms to release energy.
Breathing is a physical preocess whereas respiration include physical as well as bio-chemical process.
The process of breathing involes lungs whereas respiration involue lungs and mitochondria.
Types of respiration :
Respiration is a biochemical process in which first of all the six-carbon molecule glucose is broken down into the three-carbon molecule pyruvate. This process takes place in the cytoplasm.
Aerobic respiration : The respiration in which pyruvate molecule breaks into CO₂, H₂O and energy with the help of O₂ in mitochondria to called aerobic respiration.
Glucose → Cytoplasma → Pyruvate →mitochondria→ CO₂ + H₂O +Energy
Anaerobic respiration : The respiration in which Pyruvate molecule breaks Into ethanol, CO₂, and energy without the help of O₂ in in yeast during fermentation to called aerobic respiration.
Glucose → Cytoplasma → Pyruvate →yeast → Ethanol + H₂O +Energy
Anaerobic Respiration in Muscles :
Sometimes when there is a lack of O₂ in our muscle cells another pathway for break down of pyruvate take place which produce lactic acid and energy. This build-up of lactic acid in our muscles during sudden activity causes cramps.
➦In all cases the first step is the break-down of glucose into the pyruvate takes place in the cytoplasm. This process is called glycolysis .
➦All the energy released during respiration is not used immediately by an organism. The energy produced during respiration is stored in the form of ATP molecules in the cells of the body and uscd by the organism as and when required.
➦The energy released during the process of respiration is used to make an ATP molecule from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
ADP + Ⓟ → ADP 〰 Ⓟ = ATP
➦ATP is a substance called Adenosine Tri-Phosphate. It is known as the energy currency of the cell.
➦ADP is a substance called Adenosine Di-Phosphate.
Respiration in Human
The human respiratory system consist of many organs that are Nose, Nasal passage, Pharynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs and Diaphragm.
1. Nose and Nostrils : The human respiratory system begins from the nose. Our nose has two holes which are called nostrils. Breathing is usually done through the nose, but if necessary, breathing can also be done through the mouth, hence mouth works as a secondary organ in the main respiratory system.
2. Nasal passage : There is a passage in the nose behind the nostrils which is called nasal passage. The air is taken through nostrils and then goes to nasal passage. The nasal passage is lined with hairs and mucus. When air passes through the nasal passage, the dust particles and other impurities present in it are trapped by nasal hair and mucus so that clean air goes to the lungs.
3. Pharynx : The part of throat between the mouth and wind pipe is called pharynx. From the nasal passage, air enters into pharynx and then goes into the wind pipe (or trachea).
4. Trachea : Trachea is also known as windpipe. The trachea is a tube made of C-shaped rings of cartilage . These rings of cartilage do not allow the trachea to collapse. After reaching the thorax cavity, the Trachea divides into two branches is called “bronchi" and enters the lungs on both sides. The upper end of trachea has a voice box called larynx.
5. Lungs : A pair of lungs are found in the thoracic cavity above the diaphragm. Each branches enters the lung and divides into smaller branches called 'bronchioles'. The end point of bronchioles finally terminate in balloon-like structures which are called alveolim(singular–alveolus). The walls of alveoli are very thin and surrounded by blood capillaries. The alveoli provide a surface where the exchange of gases take place.
The oxygen of air difuses out from alveoli walls into blood which caries it to all parts of body.The blood brings carbon dioxide from the body back to lungs for release into the alveoli.
In human beings, the respiratory pigment is haemoglobin. This pigment is present in the red blood corpuscles.
6. Diaphragm -The diaphragm helps in breathing in and breathing out. The diaphragm is a dome-shaped museular partition separating the thorax from the abdomen. When we breathe in, our ribs lift and the diaphragm contracts. as a result the chest cavity becomes larger.
When we breathe out, our ribs move down and the diaphragm relaxes due to this the chest cavity becomes smaller
The human respiratory system consist of many organs that are Nose, Nasal passage, Pharynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs and Diaphragm.
1. Nose and Nostrils : The human respiratory system begins from the nose. Our nose has two holes which are called nostrils. Breathing is usually done through the nose, but if necessary, breathing can also be done through the mouth, hence mouth works as a secondary organ in the main respiratory system.
2. Nasal passage : There is a passage in the nose behind the nostrils which is called nasal passage. The air is taken through nostrils and then goes to nasal passage. The nasal passage is lined with hairs and mucus. When air passes through the nasal passage, the dust particles and other impurities present in it are trapped by nasal hair and mucus so that clean air goes to the lungs.
3. Pharynx : The part of throat between the mouth and wind pipe is called pharynx. From the nasal passage, air enters into pharynx and then goes into the wind pipe (or trachea).
4. Trachea : Trachea is also known as windpipe. The trachea is a tube made of C-shaped rings of cartilage . These rings of cartilage do not allow the trachea to collapse. After reaching the thorax cavity, the Trachea divides into two branches is called “bronchi" and enters the lungs on both sides. The upper end of trachea has a voice box called larynx.
5. Lungs : A pair of lungs are found in the thoracic cavity above the diaphragm. Each branches enters the lung and divides into smaller branches called 'bronchioles'. The end point of bronchioles finally terminate in balloon-like structures which are called alveolim(singular–alveolus). The walls of alveoli are very thin and surrounded by blood capillaries. The alveoli provide a surface where the exchange of gases take place.
The oxygen of air difuses out from alveoli walls into blood which caries it to all parts of body.The blood brings carbon dioxide from the body back to lungs for release into the alveoli.
In human beings, the respiratory pigment is haemoglobin. This pigment is present in the red blood corpuscles.
6. Diaphragm -The diaphragm helps in breathing in and breathing out. The diaphragm is a dome-shaped museular partition separating the thorax from the abdomen. When we breathe in, our ribs lift and the diaphragm contracts. as a result the chest cavity becomes larger.
When we breathe out, our ribs move down and the diaphragm relaxes due to this the chest cavity becomes smaller
Respiration in animals
Different animals have different modes of respiration
The animals like earthsworms which live in the soil use their skin to respiratin
The aquatic animals like fish, prawns and mussels have gills as the respiratory organs. Fishes take in water through their mouths and force it past the gills where the dissolved oxygen is taken up by blood.
Animals that live in water need to use the oxygen dissolved in water. Since the amount of dissolved oxygen is fairly low compared to the amount of oxygen in the air, the rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than that seen in terrestrial organisms.
In the insects like grasshopper, cockroach, housefly and a mosquito, the tiny holes called spiracles on their body and the air tubes called tracheae are the respiratory organs.
Terrestrial animals use the oxygen in the atmosphere for respiration. The respiratory organs of terrestrial animals is lungs
All the respiratory organs (whether skin, gills, trachea or lungs) have three common features
1. All the respiratory organs have a large surface area to get oxygen.
2. All the respiratory organs have thin walls for exchange of gases.
3. All the respiratory organs have a rich blood supply for transporting
respiratory gases
Different animals have different modes of respiration
The animals like earthsworms which live in the soil use their skin to respiratin
The aquatic animals like fish, prawns and mussels have gills as the respiratory organs. Fishes take in water through their mouths and force it past the gills where the dissolved oxygen is taken up by blood.
Animals that live in water need to use the oxygen dissolved in water. Since the amount of dissolved oxygen is fairly low compared to the amount of oxygen in the air, the rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than that seen in terrestrial organisms.
In the insects like grasshopper, cockroach, housefly and a mosquito, the tiny holes called spiracles on their body and the air tubes called tracheae are the respiratory organs.
Terrestrial animals use the oxygen in the atmosphere for respiration. The respiratory organs of terrestrial animals is lungs
All the respiratory organs (whether skin, gills, trachea or lungs) have three common features
1. All the respiratory organs have a large surface area to get oxygen.
2. All the respiratory organs have thin walls for exchange of gases.
3. All the respiratory organs have a rich blood supply for transporting
respiratory gases
Respiration in plants
The plants exchange gases through stomata by diffusion.
The plants use O₂ for respiration and release CO₂
The direction of diffusion depends upon the environmental conditions
During the night time, when no photosynthesis occurs hence no oxygen is produced, but respiration carries on hence CO₂ produced and diffuses out into air and the oxygen from air diffuses into leaves
During the day time, photosynthesis occurs hence oxygen is produced.
The leaves use some of this oxygen for respiration and the rest of the oxygen diffuses out into air. The CO₂ produced by respiration is used up in photosynthesis, hence there is no CO₂ release.
The plants exchange gases through stomata by diffusion.
The plants use O₂ for respiration and release CO₂
The direction of diffusion depends upon the environmental conditions
During the night time, when no photosynthesis occurs hence no oxygen is produced, but respiration carries on hence CO₂ produced and diffuses out into air and the oxygen from air diffuses into leaves
During the day time, photosynthesis occurs hence oxygen is produced.
The leaves use some of this oxygen for respiration and the rest of the oxygen diffuses out into air. The CO₂ produced by respiration is used up in photosynthesis, hence there is no CO₂ release.
Transportation : Transportation is a process of movement of any substance that is water, nutritious, oxygen etc. from one part of body to another
Transportation in Human Beings :
The human blood circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels and the blood.
[A] Heart : The heart is a muscular organ which consists four chambers
The two smaller upper chamber are called atrium and two larger lower chamber are called ventricle.
The left atrium is connected to the left ventricle through a valve. Similarly, the right atrium is connected to the right ventricle through another valve
The right side and the left side of heart is seprated by a thin muscular wall called septum.
Both side of heart have valves which ensure that blood does not flow backwards when the atrium or ventricles contract.
When the left atrium relaxes the oxygenated blood from the lungs comes to left atrium of the heart through pulmonary veins.
When the left atrium contracts, the oxygenated blood is pushed into the left ventricle through the valve.
When the left ventricle contracts, the oxygenated blood is pumped into the aorta.
The main artery (aorta ) carries blood to all the parts of the body.
When the oxygenated blood passes through the capillaries of the body organs, then it gives oxygen to the body cells.
When the right atrium relaxes the deoxygenated blood from the body comes to right atrium of the heart through vena cava.
When the right atrium contracts, the deoxygenated blood is pushed into the right ventricle through the valve.
When the right ventricle contracts, the deoxygenated blood is pumped into the lungs through the pulmonary artery
In the lungs, deoxygenated blood releases its carbon dioxide and absorbs fresh oxygen from air. So, the blood becomes oxygenated again. This oxygenated blood is ‘again sent to the left atrium of heart by pulmonary vein for circulation in the body. This whole process is repeated continuously.
Transportation in Human Beings :
The human blood circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels and the blood.
[A] Heart : The heart is a muscular organ which consists four chambers
The two smaller upper chamber are called atrium and two larger lower chamber are called ventricle.
The left atrium is connected to the left ventricle through a valve. Similarly, the right atrium is connected to the right ventricle through another valve
The right side and the left side of heart is seprated by a thin muscular wall called septum.
Both side of heart have valves which ensure that blood does not flow backwards when the atrium or ventricles contract.
When the left atrium relaxes the oxygenated blood from the lungs comes to left atrium of the heart through pulmonary veins.
When the left atrium contracts, the oxygenated blood is pushed into the left ventricle through the valve.
When the left ventricle contracts, the oxygenated blood is pumped into the aorta.
The main artery (aorta ) carries blood to all the parts of the body.
When the oxygenated blood passes through the capillaries of the body organs, then it gives oxygen to the body cells.
When the right atrium relaxes the deoxygenated blood from the body comes to right atrium of the heart through vena cava.
When the right atrium contracts, the deoxygenated blood is pushed into the right ventricle through the valve.
When the right ventricle contracts, the deoxygenated blood is pumped into the lungs through the pulmonary artery
In the lungs, deoxygenated blood releases its carbon dioxide and absorbs fresh oxygen from air. So, the blood becomes oxygenated again. This oxygenated blood is ‘again sent to the left atrium of heart by pulmonary vein for circulation in the body. This whole process is repeated continuously.
Double circulation : The blood circulatory system in human beings is an example of double circulation.
A circulatory system in which the blood travels twice through the heart in one complete cycle of the body is called double circulation. In the human circulatory system the pathway of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart is called pulmonary circulation; and the pathway of blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back to the heart is called the systemic circulation. These two types of circulation taken together make double circulation.
The separation allows a highly efficient supply of oxygen to the body. This is useful in animals that have high energy needs, such as birds and mammals which constantly use energy to maintain their body temperature.
Amphibians or many reptiles have three-chambered hearts.Because their body temperature depends on the temperature in the environment.
Fishes have only two chambers to their hearts, and the blood is pumped to the gills, is oxygenated there, and passes directly to the rest of the body.
[B]Blood vessels
1. Arteries : These blood vessels carry blood from the heart to various parts of the body.
The arteries have thick walls.
The arteries do not have valves
All the arteries carry oxygented blood except pulmonary arteries.
2. Veins : These blood vessels carry blood from various parts of the body to the heart.
They have thin walls
They have valves that ensure that the blood flows only in one direction.
All the Veins carry deoxygented blood except pulmonary Veins
3. Capillaries : The capillaries are very thin walled and narrow blood vessels which connect arteries to veins.
Exchange of various materials such as oxygen, food, carbon dioxide, etc. between the blood and the body cells takes place through capillares.
[C] Blood : Blood is a red coloured liquid that flows in our body. The blood is connective tissue. The red colour of the blood is due to the presence of red pigment called haemoglobin.
The main components of blood
(i) Plasma : The liquid part of blood is called plasma. Plasma consists mainly of water with many substances dissolved in it. Plasma contains about 90% water.
Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are immersed in this liquid called plasma.
(ii) Red Blood Cell : Red blood cells are red in colour due to the presence of a red pigment called haemoglobin
Haemoglobin present in red blood cells are carriers of oxygen.
Red blood cells do not have nuclei.
(iii) White Blood Cells: White blood cells or leucocytes fight infection and protect us from discases by many pathogens
The white blood cells are called army of the body.
A circulatory system in which the blood travels twice through the heart in one complete cycle of the body is called double circulation. In the human circulatory system the pathway of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart is called pulmonary circulation; and the pathway of blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back to the heart is called the systemic circulation. These two types of circulation taken together make double circulation.
The separation allows a highly efficient supply of oxygen to the body. This is useful in animals that have high energy needs, such as birds and mammals which constantly use energy to maintain their body temperature.
Amphibians or many reptiles have three-chambered hearts.Because their body temperature depends on the temperature in the environment.
Fishes have only two chambers to their hearts, and the blood is pumped to the gills, is oxygenated there, and passes directly to the rest of the body.
[B]Blood vessels
1. Arteries : These blood vessels carry blood from the heart to various parts of the body.
The arteries have thick walls.
The arteries do not have valves
All the arteries carry oxygented blood except pulmonary arteries.
2. Veins : These blood vessels carry blood from various parts of the body to the heart.
They have thin walls
They have valves that ensure that the blood flows only in one direction.
All the Veins carry deoxygented blood except pulmonary Veins
3. Capillaries : The capillaries are very thin walled and narrow blood vessels which connect arteries to veins.
Exchange of various materials such as oxygen, food, carbon dioxide, etc. between the blood and the body cells takes place through capillares.
[C] Blood : Blood is a red coloured liquid that flows in our body. The blood is connective tissue. The red colour of the blood is due to the presence of red pigment called haemoglobin.
The main components of blood
(i) Plasma : The liquid part of blood is called plasma. Plasma consists mainly of water with many substances dissolved in it. Plasma contains about 90% water.
Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are immersed in this liquid called plasma.
(ii) Red Blood Cell : Red blood cells are red in colour due to the presence of a red pigment called haemoglobin
Haemoglobin present in red blood cells are carriers of oxygen.
Red blood cells do not have nuclei.
(iii) White Blood Cells: White blood cells or leucocytes fight infection and protect us from discases by many pathogens
The white blood cells are called army of the body.
(iv) Platelets: Blood platelets or thrombocytes are formed in the bone marrow. Platelets help in clotting of blood when cut or wound. When we get a cut the platelets bind to the site of the damaged vessel and help in forming a blood clot.
Lymphetic system :
There is another type of fluid also involved in transportation which isLymphetic system :
called lymph or tissue fluid.
Through the pores present in the walls of capillaries some amount of plasma, proteins and blood cells escape into ntercellular spaces in the tissues to form the tissue fluid or lymph.
It is similar to the blood plasma but colourless and contains less protein.
Lymph carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine and drains excess fluid from extra cellular space back into the blood.
Transportation in Plants: Trees transport all the nutrients and water it needs for survival from its roots to the tips of the leaves.
Transport of water
The xylem transports water and minerals from the soil to the leaves
Plants use to different strategy for transport of water
(i) Root Pressure : Root Pressure is the positive pressure created by the movement of water from the roots to the soil for upward movement of water. The effect of root pressure in transport of water is more important at night.
(ii) Transpiration pull : It is the pull of water as a result of tension created by transpiration The effect of transpiration pull in transport of water is more important at day.
Transpiration : Transpiration is the process in which water is lost as water vapor from the aerial parts of the plants through stomata.
The movement of substance is unidirectional.
Transport of food and other substances
The phloem transports products of photosynthesis from the leaves to other parts of the plant.
The transport of food from the leaves to other parts of the plant is called translocation.
The movement of food in phloem takes place by utilising energy from ATP.
The translocation of food and other substances takes place in the sieve tubes with the help of adjacent companion cells
The movment of substance is bi-directional.
Transport of water
The xylem transports water and minerals from the soil to the leaves
Plants use to different strategy for transport of water
(i) Root Pressure : Root Pressure is the positive pressure created by the movement of water from the roots to the soil for upward movement of water. The effect of root pressure in transport of water is more important at night.
(ii) Transpiration pull : It is the pull of water as a result of tension created by transpiration The effect of transpiration pull in transport of water is more important at day.
Transpiration : Transpiration is the process in which water is lost as water vapor from the aerial parts of the plants through stomata.
The movement of substance is unidirectional.
Transport of food and other substances
The phloem transports products of photosynthesis from the leaves to other parts of the plant.
The transport of food from the leaves to other parts of the plant is called translocation.
The movement of food in phloem takes place by utilising energy from ATP.
The translocation of food and other substances takes place in the sieve tubes with the help of adjacent companion cells
The movment of substance is bi-directional.
Excretion
Excretion is the biological process of removal of harmful nitrogenous metabolic waste from the body.
Excretion in human beings
The excretory system of human beings includes a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, a urinary bladder and a urethra.
Kidneys are located, one on either side of the backbone.
Urine produced in the kidneys passes through the ureters into the urinary bladder.
Urine is stored in urinary bladdern until it is released through the urethra.
Each kidney has large numbers of filtration units called nephrons
Nephrons : Nephrons are the structural and functional units of the kidney.
Each nephron has two parts- renal corpuscle (Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus) and renal tubule.
Bowman’s capsule is cup shaped and consists of coiled tube of blood capillaries called Glomerulus. Glomerulus filters the blood.
The renal tubule is attached to the Bowman’s Capsule on one side and the collecting duct on the other side.
The renal tubule consists of three parts .
(i) PCT (Proximal convoluted tubule).
(ii) Loop of Henle .
(iii) DCT (Distal convoluted tubule).
Distal convoluted tubule open into the collecting duct.
Urine formation in humans
1. Filtration or ultrafiltration – Blood enters the kidney from the renal artery, into the glomerulus. The glomerulus filters the blood and the substances present in the blood like glucose, salts, amino acids, water, and urea, etc. go into Bowman's capsule.
2. Selective reabsorption - The filter from Bowman's capsule reaches the renal tubule. Here glucose, salt, water and amino acids (99%) are reabsorbed from the filter. Only the waste material urea, some unwanted salts and excess water remain in the tubule.
3. Secretion- The remaining filtered water in the renal tubule is now called urine. The urine forming in each kidney enters a long tube called ureter, which connects the kidneys with the urinary bladder. Urine is stored in the urinary bladder some time and finally through the urethra Is expelled out of the body.
Excretion is the biological process of removal of harmful nitrogenous metabolic waste from the body.
Excretion in human beings
The excretory system of human beings includes a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, a urinary bladder and a urethra.
Kidneys are located, one on either side of the backbone.
Urine produced in the kidneys passes through the ureters into the urinary bladder.
Urine is stored in urinary bladdern until it is released through the urethra.
Each kidney has large numbers of filtration units called nephrons
Nephrons : Nephrons are the structural and functional units of the kidney.
Each nephron has two parts- renal corpuscle (Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus) and renal tubule.
Bowman’s capsule is cup shaped and consists of coiled tube of blood capillaries called Glomerulus. Glomerulus filters the blood.
The renal tubule is attached to the Bowman’s Capsule on one side and the collecting duct on the other side.
The renal tubule consists of three parts .
(i) PCT (Proximal convoluted tubule).
(ii) Loop of Henle .
(iii) DCT (Distal convoluted tubule).
Distal convoluted tubule open into the collecting duct.
Urine formation in humans
1. Filtration or ultrafiltration – Blood enters the kidney from the renal artery, into the glomerulus. The glomerulus filters the blood and the substances present in the blood like glucose, salts, amino acids, water, and urea, etc. go into Bowman's capsule.
2. Selective reabsorption - The filter from Bowman's capsule reaches the renal tubule. Here glucose, salt, water and amino acids (99%) are reabsorbed from the filter. Only the waste material urea, some unwanted salts and excess water remain in the tubule.
3. Secretion- The remaining filtered water in the renal tubule is now called urine. The urine forming in each kidney enters a long tube called ureter, which connects the kidneys with the urinary bladder. Urine is stored in the urinary bladder some time and finally through the urethra Is expelled out of the body.
Excretion in Plants
The major waste products produced by plants are carbon dioxide, oxygen, water vapor, gums and resins.
(i) Gaseous wastes (carbon dioxide and oxygen) of respiration and photosynthesis in plants are removed through stomata
(ii) In some plants, waste products get accumulated in the leaves, barks and fruits of the plants. Plants get rid of these wastes by shedding leaves, bark, and dropping fruits.
(iii) Plants get rid of wastes by secreting them in the form of gums and resins.
(iv) Plants get rid of excess water by transpiration.
The major waste products produced by plants are carbon dioxide, oxygen, water vapor, gums and resins.
(i) Gaseous wastes (carbon dioxide and oxygen) of respiration and photosynthesis in plants are removed through stomata
(ii) In some plants, waste products get accumulated in the leaves, barks and fruits of the plants. Plants get rid of these wastes by shedding leaves, bark, and dropping fruits.
(iii) Plants get rid of wastes by secreting them in the form of gums and resins.
(iv) Plants get rid of excess water by transpiration.
- Name mode of nutrition in the following organisms Fungi and Amoeba
(i) Fungi - saprophytic (ii) Amoeba — holozoic - What are the end products of photosynthesis?
Glucose, oxygen and water. - Name the process by which autotrophs prepare own food.
Photosynthesis - Name the pigment present in plants, which can absorb solar energy.
Chlorophyll. - Write the balanced chemical equation for the process of photosynthesis.
6CO₂ + 12H₂O ➡Chlorophyll/Sunlight ➡ C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ + 6H₂O - Where does most of the digestion and absorption of the food take place
Small intestine. - In human alimentary canal, name the site of complete digestion of various components of food ?
Small intestine. - Which enzyme is present in human saliva?
Salivary amylase or ptyalin. - Name the enzyme present in pancreatic juice.
Pancreatic juice contains pancreatic amylase, trypsin and lipase enzyme . - What is the mode of nutrition in human beings?
Holozoic nutrition. - Which organ secretes a hormone when the blood sugar rises?
Pancreas secretes insulin hormone when the blood sugar rises. - Mention two ways in which food gets oxidized in organisms.
(i) Aerobic respiration. (ii) Anaerobic respiration - How much energy is released when terminal phosphate linkage in ATP is broken down?
30.5 Kj/mol. - Which pathway is common to both aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Glycolysis. - Which acid is formed in our muscles after vigorous exercise?
Lactic acid - Which is the universal source of energy in all cells?
Or Name the molecule of energy which is synthesized during respiration
ATP / Adenosine Triphosphate - Write the mechanism by which fishes breathe in water.
Fishes breathe through gills and take up the oxygen present in water. - Write the reaction that occurs when glucose breaks down anaerobically in yeast.
Glucose → Cytoplasma → Pyruvate →yeast → Ethanol + H₂O +Energy - Name the basic filtration unit present in the kidney.
Nephron - Which conducting tissue is responsible for multi directional transport in plants?Phloem
- Name two waste products which are stored in old xylem in plants.
Resin and gums are the two wastes which are stored in old xylem in plants. - What is the other name of 'tissue fluid'?
Tissue fluid is also called lymph. - What would be the consequences of deficiency of hemoglobin in our bodies?
Anemia. - What is the normal systolic and diastolic pressure in humans.
120 mm Hg / 80 mm Hg - What is the role of valves in veins?
Valves prevent the back flow of blood when the atrium or ventricles contract. - Name the type of blood vessels, which carry blood from organs to the heart.
Veins. - Name the component of blood that helps in the formation of blood clot in the event of a cut.
Platelets - Name the vein which brings blood to left atrium from the lungs.
Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium of heart. - Name two excretory products other than 02 and CO in plants.
Resins and gums. - What is the meaning of variegated leaf ? Give two examples of variegated leaves
Variegated leaf means leaf with some green and some non-green part.
Ex. Crotons, money plant. - What is common for cuscuta, ticks and leeches?
Cuscuta, ticks and leeches, all has parasitic mode of nutrition, they harm their host while taking nutrition. - How does nutrition in a fungus different from that in a tapeworm?
Fungus follows saprotrophic mode of nutrition while tapeworm follow parasitic mode of nutrition. - Define nutrition.
It is process in which an organism takes food and utilize it to get energy, for growth and repair is called nutrition. - Name the process and explain the type of nutrition found in green plants.
Green plants obtain their food by the process of photosynthesis . The mode of nutrition is called autotrophic nutrition. - Name the green dot like structures in some cells observed by a student when a leaf peel was viewed under a microscope. What is this green colour due to?
The green dot-like structures are chloroplasts.
The green colour is due to the presence of green pigment, chlorophyll. - Mention the conditions necessary in autotrophic nutrition.
(i) Carbon dioxide (ii) Water
(iii) Sunlight (iv) Chlorophyll. - What are the final products after digestion of carbohydrates and proteins.
The final products from the digestion of carbohydrates and proteins are sugars and amino acids respectively. - Name the glands present in the wall of the stomach that release secretions for digestion of food. Write the three components of secretion that are released by these glands.
Gastric glands are present in the wall of the stomach. These glands secrete the gastric juice which contains hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and mucus. - What role do digestive enzymes play in the alimentary canal?
Digestive enzymes break down complex molecules of food into simpler ones so that they can be absorbed by blood. - What is the role of HCl/acid in our stomach?
The HCl creates an acidic medium which helps in the action of pepsin enzyme. it also kill harmfull Pathogens. - How is the small intestine designed to absorb digested food?The inner surface of the small intestine has finger-like projections called villi which increase the surface area for absorption.
- What is the role of mucus in stomach?
The mucus helps to protect the stomach wall from its own secretions of hydrochloric acid. - What is breathing?
The mechenism by which organism obtain O₂ and release CO₂ it is called breathing. - Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of multicellular organisms like humans?
In multicellular organisms all the cells are not direct contact with the surrounding environment. Hence diffusion not meet all the requirements of all the cells. - What is the role of cartilaginous rings on trachea?
The cartilaginous rings prevent the collapsing of trachea when there is no air present in trachea. - Name the respiratory pigment in human beings? What is its role?
Respiratory pigment in human beings is hemoglobin which is present in red blood cells. Hemoglobin helps transportion of oxygen. - Mention any two components of blood.
Blood is composed of plasma and three types of cells-Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. - Define the term ‘ translocation’.
The transport of food from the leaves to other parts of the plant is called translocation. - Define excretion.
Excretion is the biological process of removal of harmful nitrogenous metabolic waste from the body. - List two vital functions of the kidney.
(i) Kidneys remove waste products from the body.
(ii) Kidneys control and balance fluids (water) levels in the body. - Name the process by which plants get rid of excess water. Name the pores through which this process takes place.
Plants get rid of excess water by transpiration.
Transpiration takes place through stometal pores. - Name the organs that form the excretory system in human beings.
The excretory system of human beings includes a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder and a urethra. - What is peristalsis?
The contraction and expansion movement of the walls of food pipe to push the food forward is called peristalsis or peristaltic movement. - Why do herbivores have longer, small intestines than carnivores?
Herbivores eat grass which contain cellulose. Digestion of cellulose takes a longer time. Hence, herbivores need a longer small intestine to allow complete digestion of cellulose - Define photosynthesis.
The process by which green plant make their own food by CO₂ and H₂O in presence of chlorophyll and sunlight is called photosynthesis.
6CO₂ + 12H₂O ➡Chlorophyll/Sunlight ➡ C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ + 6H₂O - Some organisms break down the food material outside the body and then absorb it. what are these organisms called. Give two examples.
Organisms that break down food outside the body and then absorb it are called saprophytes.
Example: fungi, Mushroom. - How is the passage of food regulated from stomach onwards?
The passage of food from stomach onwards is regulated by a ‘sphincter muscle’
What is the stored form of carbohydrates in plants and animals respectively?
Starch and glycogen. - What is the role of saliva/Salivary amylase in digestion of food?
The saliva contains an enzyme called salivary amylase which breaks down starch into sugar(maltose).
Saliva makes the food smooth and soluble and helps in swallowing. - State two functions of stomata.?(i) Exchange of gases between the plant and the atmosphere takes place through stomata.(ii)Transpiration in plants takes place through stomata.
- Why is it advisable to breathe through nose?
The nasal passage is lined with hairs and mucus. When air passes through the nasal passage, the dust particles and other impurities present in it are trapped by nasal hair and mucus so that clean air goes to the lungs. - What will happen to a plant if its xylem is removed?
The xylem transports water and minerals from the soil to the leaves So, if xylem is removed from the plant, the water and mineral supply to the plant will stop and therefore, the plant will die. - What is the role of large intestine?
The walls of large intestine absorb most of the water from the undigested food.
The undigested food stores in last part of the large intestine, rectum for some time. - Why are arteries thick walled and elastic?Arteries receive the blood pumped by heart with high pressure hence to tolerate and maintain this pressure they are thick walled and elastic.
- What is holozoic nutrition? Give one example.
The mode of nutrition in which an organism takes the complex organic food materials into its body by the process of ingestion,where ingested food is digested and then absorbed into the body cells of the organism is called holozoic nutrition
Example- Amoeba - Define the term parasite. Name one plant parasite and one animal parasite.
Parasites are organisms that obtain nutrients from the body of other living organisms without killing it.
Plant parasite - cuscuta
Animal parasite - Tapeworm - What are enzyme? Do they play some role in our digestive system too?
Enzymes are chemically proteinaceous biocatalyst, which increase or decrease the rate of a biochemical reaction.
The enzyme present in our digestive system help to breakdown of complex molecules of food into simpler ones. - What is respiration? What is its importance for an organism.
Respiration is a process in which glucose is broken down with or without the help of O₂ to release energy.
Respiration is essential for survival of living organisms. It releases energy from the food. - Why rate of breathing in aquatic animals has to be faster than that in terrestrial animals?
Or Why is there a difference in the rate of breathing between aquatic organisms and terrestrial organisms? Explain.
Animals that live in water need to use the oxygen dissolved in water. Since the amount of dissolved oxygen is fairly low compared to the amount of oxygen in the air. Therefore the rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than that seen in terrestrial organisms. - Write one function each of the following components of the transport system in human beings.
(i) blood vessels (ii) blood platelets (iii) Lymph (iv)Heart
(i) Blood vessels - Carry blood for transportation from part of the body to other.
(ii) Blood platelets - Helps in blood clotting during injury.
(iii) Lymph - Carries digested and absorbed fat for transportation.
(iv) Heart - It is a pumping machine which pumps blood to all parts of the body. - What is the difference between Xylem and Phloem?
Xylem: 1. The xylem transports water and minerals from the soil to the leaves
2.The movment of substance is unidirectional in xylem.
Phloem :1. The phloem transports food from the leaves to other parts of the plant.
2.The movment of substance is bi-directional in phloem. - Define transpiration. How does transpiration help in upward movement of water from roots to leaves?
Transpiration is the process in which water is lost as water vapor from the aerial parts of the plants through stomata.
Transpiration creates a suction force or transpiration pull which pulls water upward and helps in upward movement of water from roots to leaves. - What are the raw materials for photosynthesis. How are they obtained by a plant?
(1) Carbon Dioxide-The green plants take Carbon Dioxide from the atmosphere. Carbon Dioxide enters the leaf through stoma present on its surface.
(2) Water - The water is absorbed from the soil by the roots of the plants.
The plants also need other raw materials such as nitrogen, phosphorus, iron and magnesium which are taken from the soil by the roots. - Write the function of the following in the human alimentary canal:
(i) Bile juice (ii) Villi (iii) Pepsin (iv) Lipase
(i) Bile juice makes the acidic food alkaline and break the fats present in the food into small globules
(ii)Villi increase the surface area for absorption.
(iii) Pepsin is a protein digestive enzyme which digested protein in the food.
(iv) Lipase breaks down the emulsified fats into fatty acids and glycerol. - A gas is released during photosynthesis. Name the gas and also state the way by which the gas is evolved.
Oxygen gas is released during the process of photosynthesis.
The gas released during the process of photosynthesis is oxygen . Oxygen liberated during photosynthesis comes from water
The solar energy trapped by chlorophyll breaks down water molecules by the process of photolysis. Photolysis of water releases oxygen. - Write one specific function of each of the following organs in relation with excretion in human beings:
(i) Renal Artery (ii)Urethra (iii) Glomerulus (iv) Tubular part of nephron
(i) Renal artery carries blood from aorta to kidneys for filtration
(ii) Urethra receives urine stored in bladder and releases it outside.
(iii) Glomerulus filters the blood passing through it and initiates urine formation.
(iv) Tubular part of nephron allow selective reabsorption of useful substances like glucose, amino acids, salts and water into the blood capillaries. - What are the strategies of plants to get rid of their wastes?
(i) Gaseous wastes (carbon dioxide and oxygen) are removed through stomata
(ii)Some waste products get accumulated in the leaves, barks and fruits of the plants. Plants get rid of these wastes by shedding leaves, bark, and dropping fruits.
(iii) Plants get rid of wastes by secreting them in the form of gums and resins.
(iv) Plants get rid of excess water by transpiration. - Write three points of difference between breathing and respiration.
(i) In breathing only exchange of gases takes place whereas respiration releases energy in the form of ATP
(ii) Breathing is a physical preocess whereas respiration include physical as well as bio-chemical process.
(iii)The process of breathing involes lungs whereas respiration involue lungs and mitochondria. - Differentiate between Artery and Veins.
Arteries : These blood vessels carry blood from the heart to various parts of the body. The arteries have thick walls.The arteries do not have valves All the arteries carry oxygented blood except pulmonary arteries.Veins :These blood vessels carry blood from various parts of the body to the heart.They have thin walls.They have valves that ensure that the blood flows only in one direction.All the Veins carry deoxygented blood except pulmonary Veins - Give reason:
(l) Fine hair and mucus are present in the nasal passage.
Fine hair and mucus are present in the nasal passage. Because when air passes through the nasal passage, the dust particles and other impurities present in it are trapped by nasal hair and mucus so that clean air goes to the lungs.
(ii) Rings of cartilage are present in the throat.
Rings of cartilage are present in the throat. These rings of cartilage do not allow the trachea to collapse. - Trace the movement of oxygenated blood in the body.
When the left atrium relaxes the oxygenated blood from the lungs comes to left atrium through pulmonary veins.
When the left atrium contracts, the oxygenated blood is pushed into the left ventricle through the valve.
When the left ventricle contracts, the oxygenated blood is pumped into the aorta.
The main artery (aorta ) carries oxygenated blood to all the parts of the body. - Differentiate between saprophytic nutrition and parasitic nutrition based on the type of food and manner of obtaining it.saprophytic nutrition is mode of nutrition in which an organism obtains its food from dead and decaying plants and animal.Example : Mushroom and yeast, fungusParasitic nutrition is mode of nutrition in which an organism obtains its food from the body of another live organism.Cuscuta (amarbel), leeche, Mosquito, Tapeworm
- What is Lymph? What are the functions of lymph in our body?
Lymph is a tissue fluid present in intercellular spaces and involved in the transport. It is similar to the blood plasma but colourless.
Functions of lymph
(i) It returns excess tissue fluid from intercellular space into the blood.
(ii) Lymph carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine
(iii)The lymph provides in immunity to the body - What are stomata ? What governs the opening and closing of stomata?
A large number of tiny pores present on the surface of the leaves of plants. These tiny pores are called stomata. The exchange of gases in plants takes place through these stomata
The opening and closing of stomata are controlled by guard cells.
When water flows into the guard cells, the guard cells swell and the stomatal pore opens. When water moves out the guard cells the guard cells shrink and the stomatal pore closes. - What is sequence of steps in photosynthesis? Or List the three events which occur during this process of photosynthesis. How is it different in desert plants and those in temperate regions?
1. Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
2. Conversion of light energy into chemical energy and splitting of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen
3. Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates.
In desert plants, the stomata is open during night. So these plants take up carbon dioxide at night and prepare an intermediate
Then during day time when the stomata is closed to prevent loss of water, they use this stored carbon dioxide to perform photosynthesis. - How does Paramecium obtain its food?
Paramecium is also a unicellular animal.
The mode of nutrition in Paramecium is holozoic.
Paramecium uses its cilia to collect the food particles from water and put them into an oral groove.
Inside food vacuole complex subsantances broken down- in to simple subsantances which are absorbed into the cytoplasm by diffusion.
The remaining undigested material is moved to the surface of the cell and thrown out. - Describe the double circulation in human beings. Why is it necessary?
A circulatory system in which the blood travels twice through the heart in one complete cycle of the body is called double circulation.
The pathway of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart is called pulmonary circulation; and the pathway of blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back to the heart is called the systemic circulation.
It helps in keeping the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate. This causes highly efficient supply of the oxygen to the body
It helps in maintaining a constant body temperature of birds and mammals. - Name the three kinds of blood vessels of human circulatory system. Write the function of each.
(i) Arteries : These blood vessels carry blood from the heart to various parts of the body.
All the arteries carry oxygented blood except pulmonary arteries.
(ii) Veins : These blood vessels carry blood from various parts of the body to the heart.
All the Veins carry deoxygented blood except pulmonary Veins
(iii) Capillaries :Exchange of various materials such as oxygen, food, carbon dioxide, etc. between the blood and the body cells takes place through capillares. - Name three different glands associated with the digestive system in humans. Also name their secretions.
1. Salivary glands : Salivary glands secrete saliva
Saliva digests the starch into sugar.
2. Liver : Liver secretes bile juice.
Bile makes the acidic food alkaline
Bile juice break the fats present in the food into small globules
3. Pancreas : Pancreas secretes pancreatic juice which contains digestive enzymes pancreatic amylase, trypsin and lipase.
The amylase breaks down the starch, the trypsin digests the proteins and the lipase breaks down the emulsified fats. - Draw a diagram to show open stomatal pore and label on it(i) guard cells ((ii) chloroplast (iii) stomatal pore
- Draw a diagram of the front view of human heart and label any six parts including at least two that are concerned with arterial blood supply to the heart muscles.
- Draw a schematic representation of transport and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during transportation of blood in human beings and label on it: (i) Lung capillaries (ii) Pulmonary artery to lungs (iii)Aorta to body, (iv) Pulmonary veins from lungs.
Draw the structure of a nephron and label the following on it: Glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, Renal artery, Collecting duct. - Draw a diagram of human respiratory system and label on it :
(i) Diaphragm (ii) Larynx (iii) Trachea (iv) Lung (v) Bronchi (vi) Alveolar sac - Draw a diagram of human respiratory system and label the following:
(i) part where air is filtered by fine hair and mucus -Nasal passage
(ii) part which terminates in balloon – like structures -Bronchioles
(iii) balloon – like structures where exchange of gases takes place. -Alveoli
(iv) part which separates chest cavity from abdominal cavity. -Diaphragm - Draw excretory system in human beings and label the following organs of excretory system which perform following functions:
(i) Formation of urine: Kidney
(ii) A long tube that collects urine from the kidney: Ureter
(iii) Store urine until it is passed out: Urinary bladder
(iv) Urine is released through: Urethra
(v) Aorta, kidney, urinary bladder and urethra. - Draw a diagram of human alimentary canal and label on it:
Oesophagus, Gall bladder, Liver and Pancreas, Appendix. - Draw diagram of human alimentary canal and label the following:
(i) Part in which starch digestion is initiated. -Mouth,
(ii) Organ in which bile is stored. -Gall Bladder
(iii) The gland that secretes digestive enzymes as well as hormones. -Pancreas
(iv) Part of alimentary canal where water is reabsorbed. -Large Intestine
(v) Part of gut where finger like projections are present to facilitate absorption of digested food - Small intestine. - Describe the process of nutrition in amoeba with the help of diagram.
Amoeba is a unicellular organism.
The mode of nutution in Amoeba is holozaic.
The process of obtaining food by Amoeba is called phagocytosis.
Amoeba ingests food with the help of pseudopodia (fingerlike projections) which fuse over the food particle forming a food-vacuole.
Inside food vacuole complex subsantances broken down in to simple subsantances which are absorbed into the cytoplasm by diffusion.
The remaining undigested material is moved to the surface of the cell and thrown out. - List in tabular form three distinguishing features between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition.
Autotrophic nutrition
1. In this mode of nutrition organisms make their own food from inorganic raw material.
2. Chlorophyll is necessary for this process
3. All green plants and Blue-green algae have a autotrophic mode of nutrition
4.In this mode of nutrition food is prepared from CO2 and water.
5 In this mode of nutrition organisms store food in form of starch.
Heterotrophic nutrition.
1. In this mode of nutrition the organisms do not make their own food from simple inorganic materials
2. Chlorophyll is not necessary for this process.
3. All the animals have a heterotrophic mode of nutrition
4.In this mode of nutrition organisms depend on the other plants and animals for their food .
5. In this mode of nutrition organisms store food in the form of glucose. - Give schematic representation of different pathways of breakdown of glucose molecule.
Or Draw a flow chart to show the breakdown of glucose by various pathways.
Glucose is broken down into the three-carbon molecule pyruvate. This process takes place in the cytoplasm.
Glucose → Cytoplasma → Pyruvate
(i) Pyruvate molecule breaks into CO₂, H₂O and energy with the help of O₂ in mitochondria.
Pyruvate →mitochondria→ CO₂ + H₂O +Energy
(ii) Pyruvate molecule breaks into ethanol, CO₂, and energy without the help of O₂ in in yeast during fermentation.
Pyruvate →yeast → Ethanol + H₂O +Energy
Anaerobic Respiration in Muscles :
(iii) Sometimes when there is a lack of O₂ in our muscle cells the pyruvate molecule breaks down in lactic acid and energy in muscle cells. - Explain the process of digestion in mouth, stomach and small intestine in human body.
(i) Mouth : The digestion of food begins mouth. The mouth opens into a bowl-shaped mouth-cavity. The mouth cavity (or buccal cavity) contains teeth, tongue, and salivary glands.
The teeth cut the food into small pieces, chew and grind it.
The tongue helps in mixing the saliva with food.
Salivary glands secrete saliva. The saliva contains an enzyme called salivary amylase that breaks down starch into sugar. Saliva makes the food smooth and soluble and helps in swallowing.
(ii) Stomach : The gastric glands present in the wall of the stomach secrete the gastric juice which contains hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and mucus.
The HCl creates an acidic medium which helps in the action of pepsin enzyme. it also kill harmfull Pathogens.
Pepsin is a protein digestive enzyme which digested protein in the food.
The mucus helps to protect the stomach wall from its own secretions of hydrochloric acid.
(iii) Small intestine : The small intestine is the site of the complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
The small inestine receives the secretions from the two glands liver and pancreas The liver produces bile juice. Bile juice makes the acidic food alkaline and break the fats present in the food into small globules
Pancreas secretes pancreatic juice which contains digestive enzymes pancreatic amylase, trypsin and lipase.
The amylase breaks down the starch, the trypsin digests the proteins and the lipase breaks down the emulsified fats.
Small intestine produces intestinal juice from the glands present in its wall. The enzymes present in it finally convert the proteins to amino acids, complex carbohydrates into glucose and fats into fatty acids and glycerol. This digested food is finally absorbed through the intestinal walls.
- The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon dioxide, water and energy takes place in.
[A] cytoplasm.
[B] mitochondria.
[C] chloroplast.
[D] nucleus. [B] - In which of the following groups of organisms, food materials are broken down outside the body and absorbed?
[A] Mushroom, green plants, Amoeba
[B] Yeast, mushroom, bread mould
[C] Paramecium, Amoeba, Cuscuta
[D] Cuscuta, lice, tapeworm [B] - The opening and closing of the stomatal pore depends upon
[A] Oxygen
[B] Temperature
[C] water in the guard cells
[D] concentration of CO2 [C] - Which of the equations show correct conversion of CO2 and H2O into carbohydrates in plants?
In normal expiration, the diaphragm is
[A] Arched
[B] Flattened
[C] Perforated
[D] None of these [A] - Full form of ATP?
[A] Adenosine Triphosphate
[B] Adenosine Tetraphosphate
[C] Adenine Triphosphate
[D] Adinosine Tripolymer [A] - Name the substances whose build up in the muscles during vigorous physical exercise may cause cramps?
[A] Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + Energy
[B] Lactic acid + Energy
[C] Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
[D] Pyruvate [B] - Why blood is red?
[A] due to presence of oxygen
[B] due to presence of haemoglobin
[C] due to presence of CO2
[D] due to presence of WBC [B] - The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires.
[A] carbon dioxide and water.
[B] chlorophyll.
[C] sunlight.
[D] all of the above [D] - Coagulation of blood in a cut or wound is brought about by:
[A] plasma
[B] platelets
[C] WBC
[D] RBC [B] - The 'used dialysing' solution is rich in:
[A] Urea and excess salts
[B] Blood cells
[C] Lymph
[D] Proteins [A] - Which part of the nephron in human kidney, serves the function of reabsorption of certain substances?
[A] Glomerulus
[B] Bowman's capsule
[C] Tubules
[D] Collecting duct [C] - Water absorption in plants can be increased by keeping the potted plants:
[A] in the shade
[B] in dim light
[C] under the fan
[D] covered with a polythene bag [C] - Single circulation, i.e., blood flows through the heart only once during one cycle of passage through the body, is exhibited by which of the following:
[A] hyla, rana, draco
[B] whale, dolphin, turtle
[C] labeo, chameleon, salamander
[D] hippocampus, exocoetus, anabas [D] - Which of the following statements about the autotrophs is incorrect?
[A] They synthesise carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll
[B] They store carbohydrates in the form of starch
[C] They convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates in the absence of sunlight
[D] They constitute the first trophic level in food chains [C] - How is food transported from phloem to the tissues according to plants’ needs?
[A] food is transported along with the water in the plant’s body.
[B]food is transported in only one direction like water in the plant body through xylem.
[C] food is transported from a region with low concentration to higher concentration.
[D]food is transported from a region where it is produced to other parts of the plants. [D] - The correct pathway of blood in circulatory system is
[A] atria → ventricles → arteries → veins
[B] ventricles → atria → veins → arteries
[C] ventricles → veins → arteries → atria
[D] veins → ventricles → atria → arteries [A] - Which of the following events in the mouth cavity will be affected if salivary amylase is lacking in the saliva?
[A] Starch breaking down into sugars.
[B]Proteins breaking down into amino acids.
[C] Absorption of vitamins.
[D]Fats breaking down into fatty acids and glycerol. [A] - Identify the correct path of urine in the human body.
[A] Kidney → urinary bladder → urethra → ureter
[B] Urinary bladder → ureter → kidney → urethra
[C] Kidney → ureter → urethra → urinary bladder
[D] Kidney → ureter → urinary bladder → urethra [D] - Chyme is ____.
[A] Digestive enzyme secreted by stomach.
[B] Hormone secreted by islets of Pancreas
[C] food which enters into the intestine from the stomach.
[D] Part of bile juice which stores in gall bladder [C] - Which is the correct sequence of parts in the human alimentary canal?
[A] Mouth →stomach →small intestine →oesophagus →large intestine
[B] Mouth →oesophagus →stomach →large intestine →small intestine
[C] Mouth →stomach →oesophagus →small intestine →large intestine
[D] Mouth →oesophagus →stomach →small intestine →large intestine [D] - Anaerobic process
[A] takes place in yeast during fermentation
[B] takes place in the presence of oxygen
[C] produces only energy in the muscles of human beings
[D] produces ethanol, oxygen and energy. [A] - Identify the two components of Phloem tissue that help in the transportation of food in plants.
[A] Phloem parenchyma & sieve tubes
[B] Sieve tubes & companion cells
[C] Phloem parenchyma & companion cells
[D] Phloem fibres and sieve tubes [B] - The length of small intestine in a deer is more as compared to the length of small intestine of a tiger. The reason for this is.
[A] Mode of intake of food.
[B] Type of food consumed.
[C] Presence or absence of villi in intestines.
[D] Presence or absence of digestive enzymes. [B] - Which one of the following is not a function of Artificial Kidney?
[A] To remove nitrogenous wastes from the blood.
[B] To remove excess fluids from the blood.
[C] To reabsorb essential nutrients from the blood.
[D] To filter and purify the blood. [C] - The haemodialyzer has semi-permeable lining of tubes which help.
[A] To maintain osmotic pressure of blood
[B] To filter nitrogenous wastes from the dialyzing solution
[C] In passing the waste products in the dialyzing solution
[D] To pump purified blood back into the body of the patient [C]
