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The First World War
The First World war ( 1914-1918 ) created a new economic and political situation. India faced various problems during the war period
◈ Defence expenditure increased
◈ Customs duties increased
◈ Prices of food grains doubled between 1913 - 1918
◈ Forced recruitment in army
◈ In 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many parts of India.
◈ India faced acute food shortage
◈ India faced influenza epidemic.
In such a critical situation a new leader Mahatma Gandhi appeared and suggested a new mode of struggle.
The Idea of Satyagraha
◈ Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in January 1915.
◈ Satyagraha is a novel method of mass agitation
◈ The idea of Satyagraha emphasis the power of truth and the need to search for truth. Satyagraha is a non-violent method of mass agitation against the oppressor.
◈ Mahatma gandhi said that if you are fighting for truth and against injustice than there is no need of physical force to defeat the oppressor. Without being aggressive a satyagrah could win the battle through Non-violence.
◈ Mahatma Gandhi believed that this dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians.
Successfull satyagraha by Mahatma Gandhi
Champaran (Bihar) : In 1917 Gandhiji launched the Champaran Satyagraha to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.
Kheda(Gujarat) : In 1917 Gandhiji launched the Kheda Satyagraha to support the peasants who were not in a position to pay the revenue due to crop failure and plague epidemic.
Ahmedabad (Gujrat) : In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi went to Ahmedabad to organise a satyagraha movement amongst cotton mill workers.
The Rowlatt Act (1919)
◈ This Act was passed by the Imperial Legislative Council in 1919.
◈ It was opposed by indian members because of the following reasons
◈ This Act had been hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council despite the united opposition of the Indian members.
◈ This act gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities.
◈ This act allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
Mahatma Gandhi launched a non-violent civil disobedience against this unjust law(Black Bill) on 6th April, 1919 and The Rowlatt Act was opposed by Indians in the following ways:
◈ Rallies were organized in various cities.
◈ Workers went on strike in railway workshops.
◈ Shops were closed down in protest.
Response of British administration ti this upsurge
◈ Clamped down on nationalists.
◈ Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar, and Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.
◈ Martial law was imposed
Jallianwalla Bagh incident
◈ On 13th April 1919, Jallianwala Bagh incident took place.
◈ A large crowd gathered in the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar Punjab. General Dyer blocked all the exit points and opened fire on the crowd killing hundreds.
◈ General Dyer object was to ‘produce a moral effect’, to create in the minds of satyagrahis a feeling of terror and awe.
As the news of Jallianwalla Bagh spread, crowds took to the streets and Violence started spreading. Seeing violence spread, Mahatma Gandhi called off the movement.
Khilafat movement
◈ This movement was launched in 1919 to oppose the abolition of the post a of Khalifa in Turkey by British Government
◈ Khilafat movement was a united struggle launched by Muhammed Ali and Shaukat Ali with the cooperation of Mahatma Gandhi.
◈ With the defeat of Ottoman Turkey in the frst world war, there were rumors that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor (the Khalifa).
◈ The Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in 1919 to protect the powers of the Khalifa and prevent a harsh peace treaty to be imposed on the Ottoman Empire.
◈ The Congress passed the resolution in its Calcutta session in September 1920 to start a satyagrah On Khilafat Issue.
In September 1920, at the Calcutta session of the Congress, Gandhiji proposed to start a non-cooperation movement in support of the Khilafat and Swaraj.
The non-Cooperation Movement adopted by the Congress during the Nagpur Conference in December 1920.
Non-cooperation Movement :
Mahatma Gandhi said in his book Hind Swaraj (1909) that British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians. If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India would collapse (fall in) within a year, and we will be able to establish Swaraj.
Gandhiji proposed that the movement should happen in stages.
◈ Surrender of government awarded titles.
◈ Boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools, and foreign goods.
◈ A full civil disobedience campaign.
At the Congress session at Nagpur in December 1920 the Non-Cooperation programme was adopted.
Differing Strands within the Movement
The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement started in January 1921. Various social groups participated in this movement
The Movement in the Towns
The Non-Cooperation Movement started with the participation of middle class people in cities.
Students left government schools and colleges
Headmasters and teachers resigned
Lawyers gave up their legal practices.
The council elections were boycotted almost everywhere.
The effects of non-cooperation on the economic front
Foreign goods were boycotted.
Liquor shops were blocked.
Foreign cloth was burnt
As a rsult of this people started wearing only Indian mill cloth, production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.
But gradually this movement slowed down in the cities.
Because-
◈ Khadi cloth was more expensive than mill cloth so poor people could not afford to buy it.
◈ The boycott of British institutions posed a problem. Because alternative Indian institutions had to be set up in place of British institutions, which would obviously tooke time.
Movement in the Countryside
From the cities, the Non-Cooperation Movement spread to the countryside. Peasants and tribals were joined the movement for thier struggles in countryside.
◈ In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra. The movement was against talukdars and landlords who demanded high rents and other cesses from peasants
Peasants were forced to work without any payment (Which was called begar)
Tenants had no security of tenure.
The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar, and social boycott of oppressive landlords. At many places landlords were deprived of the services of barbers and washermen.
◈ In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh a militant guerrilla movement spread in the early 1920s which was led by Alluri Sitaram Raju
Swaraj in the Plantations
At Chauri Chaura (Gorakhpur) a peaceful demonstration in a bazaar turned into a violent clash with the police on February 1922. The demonstrators attacked and set fire to police station.The incident led to the deaths of 22 policemen. Hearing of the incident in February 1922 Mahatma Gandhi called off the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Internal Heat of Congress
Some leaders were tired of struggles via non violence and wanted to participate in to the councils elections in order to stand oppose to British policies.
C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party within the Congress in support of council elections.
Young leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose pressed for more radical mass movement and full independence.
Two factors that shaped Indian politics in the late 1920s.
◈ Worldwide economic depression
◈ Simon Commission
Simon Commission : In November 1927, the British government constituted a Statutory Commission, under Sir John Simon which was known as the Simon Commission,
The Simon commission came to India in 1928 to look into the working of the Government of India Act 1919 and to suggest further constitutional reforms.
The Commission was composed of seven British members. It did not have a single Indian member.
When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back Simon’.
It was strongly opposed by all parties, including the Congress and the Muslim League.
To quait this oppose, the Viceroy of India, Lord Irwin, announced the offer of 'Dominion Status' in October 1929. But this did not satisfy the Congress leaders.
Purna Swaraj :
In December 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore Congress formalised the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or full independence for India and 26 January 1930 was declared as the Independence Day.
The Salt March and the Civil Disobedience Movement
According to Mahatma Gandhi, salt can unite the nation as a powerful symbol.
On 31 January 1930, he sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands. These demands were came from different set of people because he wandted to unite everyone in the struggle.
The most important demand of these 11 demands was to abolish the salt tax. It affected everyone because salt was consumed by every section of people and it was one of the most important component of food.
Mahatma Gandhi’s letter said If the demands were not fulfilled by 11 March the Congress set to launch a civil disobedience campaign.
Irwin did not accept the demands So Mahatma Gandhi started salt march from Sabarmati to the Dandi.
On 6 April he reached Dandi, and violated the law, manufacturing salt by sea water. This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Civil Disobedience Movement
The Civil Disobedience Movement began under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi’s Dandi March. On 6 April he reached Dandi where broke the Salt Law.
People were now asked not only to refuse cooperation with the British but also to break colonial laws.
◈ Colonial laws( salt law,) were broken.
◈ Foreign cloth was boycotted.
◈ Liquor shops were picketed.
◈ Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes.
◈ Village officials resigned
Worried colonial government began arresting the many Congress leaders. This led to violent clashes in many palaces.
Gandhi-Irwin Pact [5 March 1931]
The Gandhi–Irwin Pact was a political agreement signed by Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin, Viceroy of India, on 5 March 1931
Under this Pact, Gandhiji consented to participate in a Round Table Conference in London and the government agreed to release the political prisoners. But this did not happen.
Participantion of different grops
Rich peasant communities : Rich peasant communities - like the Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh – were active in the movement.
Due to hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices their cash income disappeared and they found it impossible to pay the government’s revenue demand. The the government refused to reduce the revenue demand. It led to widespread resentment in rich peasants and they involved in Civil Disobedience Movement.
Poorer peasantry : Many poorer peasants were small tenants who cultivated land rented from landlords. Due to hard hit by the depression their cash income reduced and they found it difficult to pay their rent. They wanted the unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted.
Businessmen : To expand their business, business men reacted against colonial policies that restricted business activities.
They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods, and a rupee-sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports.
They formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927.
They gave financial aid to movement and supported the Civil Disobedience Movement.
The industrial working classes : The industrial working classes did not participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement in large numbers, except in the Nagpur region.
Large scale participation of women was an important feature of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
◈ Satyagraha is a novel method of mass agitation
◈ The idea of Satyagraha emphasis the power of truth and the need to search for truth. Satyagraha is a non-violent method of mass agitation against the oppressor.
◈ Mahatma gandhi said that if you are fighting for truth and against injustice than there is no need of physical force to defeat the oppressor. Without being aggressive a satyagrah could win the battle through Non-violence.
◈ Mahatma Gandhi believed that this dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians.
Successfull satyagraha by Mahatma Gandhi
Champaran (Bihar) : In 1917 Gandhiji launched the Champaran Satyagraha to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.
Kheda(Gujarat) : In 1917 Gandhiji launched the Kheda Satyagraha to support the peasants who were not in a position to pay the revenue due to crop failure and plague epidemic.
Ahmedabad (Gujrat) : In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi went to Ahmedabad to organise a satyagraha movement amongst cotton mill workers.
The Rowlatt Act (1919)
◈ This Act was passed by the Imperial Legislative Council in 1919.
◈ It was opposed by indian members because of the following reasons
◈ This Act had been hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council despite the united opposition of the Indian members.
◈ This act gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities.
◈ This act allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
Mahatma Gandhi launched a non-violent civil disobedience against this unjust law(Black Bill) on 6th April, 1919 and The Rowlatt Act was opposed by Indians in the following ways:
◈ Rallies were organized in various cities.
◈ Workers went on strike in railway workshops.
◈ Shops were closed down in protest.
Response of British administration ti this upsurge
◈ Clamped down on nationalists.
◈ Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar, and Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.
◈ Martial law was imposed
Jallianwalla Bagh incident
◈ On 13th April 1919, Jallianwala Bagh incident took place.
◈ A large crowd gathered in the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar Punjab. General Dyer blocked all the exit points and opened fire on the crowd killing hundreds.
◈ General Dyer object was to ‘produce a moral effect’, to create in the minds of satyagrahis a feeling of terror and awe.
As the news of Jallianwalla Bagh spread, crowds took to the streets and Violence started spreading. Seeing violence spread, Mahatma Gandhi called off the movement.
Khilafat movement
◈ This movement was launched in 1919 to oppose the abolition of the post a of Khalifa in Turkey by British Government
◈ Khilafat movement was a united struggle launched by Muhammed Ali and Shaukat Ali with the cooperation of Mahatma Gandhi.
◈ With the defeat of Ottoman Turkey in the frst world war, there were rumors that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor (the Khalifa).
◈ The Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in 1919 to protect the powers of the Khalifa and prevent a harsh peace treaty to be imposed on the Ottoman Empire.
◈ The Congress passed the resolution in its Calcutta session in September 1920 to start a satyagrah On Khilafat Issue.
In September 1920, at the Calcutta session of the Congress, Gandhiji proposed to start a non-cooperation movement in support of the Khilafat and Swaraj.
The non-Cooperation Movement adopted by the Congress during the Nagpur Conference in December 1920.
Non-cooperation Movement :
Mahatma Gandhi said in his book Hind Swaraj (1909) that British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians. If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India would collapse (fall in) within a year, and we will be able to establish Swaraj.
Gandhiji proposed that the movement should happen in stages.
◈ Surrender of government awarded titles.
◈ Boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools, and foreign goods.
◈ A full civil disobedience campaign.
At the Congress session at Nagpur in December 1920 the Non-Cooperation programme was adopted.
Differing Strands within the Movement
The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement started in January 1921. Various social groups participated in this movement
The Movement in the Towns
The Non-Cooperation Movement started with the participation of middle class people in cities.
Students left government schools and colleges
Headmasters and teachers resigned
Lawyers gave up their legal practices.
The council elections were boycotted almost everywhere.
The effects of non-cooperation on the economic front
Foreign goods were boycotted.
Liquor shops were blocked.
Foreign cloth was burnt
As a rsult of this people started wearing only Indian mill cloth, production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.
But gradually this movement slowed down in the cities.
Because-
◈ Khadi cloth was more expensive than mill cloth so poor people could not afford to buy it.
◈ The boycott of British institutions posed a problem. Because alternative Indian institutions had to be set up in place of British institutions, which would obviously tooke time.
Movement in the Countryside
From the cities, the Non-Cooperation Movement spread to the countryside. Peasants and tribals were joined the movement for thier struggles in countryside.
◈ In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra. The movement was against talukdars and landlords who demanded high rents and other cesses from peasants
Peasants were forced to work without any payment (Which was called begar)
Tenants had no security of tenure.
The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar, and social boycott of oppressive landlords. At many places landlords were deprived of the services of barbers and washermen.
◈ In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh a militant guerrilla movement spread in the early 1920s which was led by Alluri Sitaram Raju
Swaraj in the Plantations
“The plantation workers in Assam had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of Swaraj”.
According to the Inland Emigration Act 1859, the plantation workers in Assam were not allowed to leave the tea garden without permission.
For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed.
When they heard about the non-cooperation movement, they left the plantation and went home.
They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own villages. But they did not reach their destination. Stranded on the way by a railway and steamer strike. they were caught by the police and brutally beaten up.
Chauri Chaura incident and calling off the Non-Cooperation MovementAt Chauri Chaura (Gorakhpur) a peaceful demonstration in a bazaar turned into a violent clash with the police on February 1922. The demonstrators attacked and set fire to police station.The incident led to the deaths of 22 policemen. Hearing of the incident in February 1922 Mahatma Gandhi called off the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Internal Heat of Congress
Some leaders were tired of struggles via non violence and wanted to participate in to the councils elections in order to stand oppose to British policies.
C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party within the Congress in support of council elections.
Young leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose pressed for more radical mass movement and full independence.
Two factors that shaped Indian politics in the late 1920s.
◈ Worldwide economic depression
◈ Simon Commission
Simon Commission : In November 1927, the British government constituted a Statutory Commission, under Sir John Simon which was known as the Simon Commission,
The Simon commission came to India in 1928 to look into the working of the Government of India Act 1919 and to suggest further constitutional reforms.
The Commission was composed of seven British members. It did not have a single Indian member.
When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back Simon’.
It was strongly opposed by all parties, including the Congress and the Muslim League.
To quait this oppose, the Viceroy of India, Lord Irwin, announced the offer of 'Dominion Status' in October 1929. But this did not satisfy the Congress leaders.
Purna Swaraj :
In December 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore Congress formalised the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or full independence for India and 26 January 1930 was declared as the Independence Day.
The Salt March and the Civil Disobedience Movement
According to Mahatma Gandhi, salt can unite the nation as a powerful symbol.
On 31 January 1930, he sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands. These demands were came from different set of people because he wandted to unite everyone in the struggle.
The most important demand of these 11 demands was to abolish the salt tax. It affected everyone because salt was consumed by every section of people and it was one of the most important component of food.
Mahatma Gandhi’s letter said If the demands were not fulfilled by 11 March the Congress set to launch a civil disobedience campaign.
Irwin did not accept the demands So Mahatma Gandhi started salt march from Sabarmati to the Dandi.
On 6 April he reached Dandi, and violated the law, manufacturing salt by sea water. This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Civil Disobedience Movement
The Civil Disobedience Movement began under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi’s Dandi March. On 6 April he reached Dandi where broke the Salt Law.
People were now asked not only to refuse cooperation with the British but also to break colonial laws.
◈ Colonial laws( salt law,) were broken.
◈ Foreign cloth was boycotted.
◈ Liquor shops were picketed.
◈ Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes.
◈ Village officials resigned
Worried colonial government began arresting the many Congress leaders. This led to violent clashes in many palaces.
Gandhi-Irwin Pact [5 March 1931]
The Gandhi–Irwin Pact was a political agreement signed by Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin, Viceroy of India, on 5 March 1931
Under this Pact, Gandhiji consented to participate in a Round Table Conference in London and the government agreed to release the political prisoners. But this did not happen.
Participantion of different grops
Rich peasant communities : Rich peasant communities - like the Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh – were active in the movement.
Due to hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices their cash income disappeared and they found it impossible to pay the government’s revenue demand. The the government refused to reduce the revenue demand. It led to widespread resentment in rich peasants and they involved in Civil Disobedience Movement.
Poorer peasantry : Many poorer peasants were small tenants who cultivated land rented from landlords. Due to hard hit by the depression their cash income reduced and they found it difficult to pay their rent. They wanted the unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted.
Businessmen : To expand their business, business men reacted against colonial policies that restricted business activities.
They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods, and a rupee-sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports.
They formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927.
They gave financial aid to movement and supported the Civil Disobedience Movement.
The industrial working classes : The industrial working classes did not participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement in large numbers, except in the Nagpur region.
Large scale participation of women was an important feature of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Women : During Gandhiji’s salt march, thousands of women came out of their homes to listen toto the speeches of Gandhi.
They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops.
The Limits of Civil Disobedience
◈ Limited Dalit Participation : Dalit's/‘untouchables’ participation in the Civil Disobedience movement was very limited.
◈ Hindu-Muslim Partition : The participation of Muslim political groups was lukewarm, as there was an atmosphere of distrust and suspicion.
◈ परस्पर विरोधी आकांक्षाएँ: भारतीय समाज के विभिन्न वर्गों के विभिन्न समूहों ने आंदोलन में भाग लिया। इसलिए उनकी अलग-अलग आकांक्षाएं थीं. इन आकांक्षाओं में टकराव हुआ और संघर्ष एकजुट नहीं रहा।
They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops.
The Limits of Civil Disobedience
◈ Limited Dalit Participation : Dalit's/‘untouchables’ participation in the Civil Disobedience movement was very limited.
◈ Hindu-Muslim Partition : The participation of Muslim political groups was lukewarm, as there was an atmosphere of distrust and suspicion.
◈ परस्पर विरोधी आकांक्षाएँ: भारतीय समाज के विभिन्न वर्गों के विभिन्न समूहों ने आंदोलन में भाग लिया। इसलिए उनकी अलग-अलग आकांक्षाएं थीं. इन आकांक्षाओं में टकराव हुआ और संघर्ष एकजुट नहीं रहा।
Conflicting Aspirations: Different groups from different sections of Indian society participated in the movement. Hence they had different aspirations. These aspirations clashed and the struggle was not united. सामूहिक राष्ट्रवाद की भावना
The Sense of Collective BelongingNationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation, when they discover some unity that binds them together.
This feeling of togetherness came from united struggles. But there were also a variety of cultural processes played a important role in the making of nationalism.
Popular prints, History and fiction, folklore and songs and symbols, all played a part in the making of nationalism.
Example
The Sense of Collective BelongingNationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation, when they discover some unity that binds them together.
This feeling of togetherness came from united struggles. But there were also a variety of cultural processes played a important role in the making of nationalism.
Popular prints, History and fiction, folklore and songs and symbols, all played a part in the making of nationalism.
Example
Print of Bal Gangadhar Tilak surrounded by symbols of unity(temple, church, masjid).
The image of Bharat Mata - The image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. National hymn ‘Vande Mataram’ which was written by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.
Idia of nationalism also developed through amovement to revive Indian folklore and folk tales.
Natesa Sastri published a big collection of Tamil folk tales,The Folklore of Southern India.
During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed. It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India, and a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims. was designed
In 1921, a tricolour Swaraj flag Red, Green and White)was designed by Gandhiji The flag had a spinning wheel in the centre.
The image of Bharat Mata - The image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. National hymn ‘Vande Mataram’ which was written by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.
Idia of nationalism also developed through amovement to revive Indian folklore and folk tales.
Natesa Sastri published a big collection of Tamil folk tales,The Folklore of Southern India.
During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed. It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India, and a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims. was designed
In 1921, a tricolour Swaraj flag Red, Green and White)was designed by Gandhiji The flag had a spinning wheel in the centre.
- Who wrote the song ‘Vande Mataram’?Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.
- State the slogan with which Simon Commission was greeted in 1928 in India.‘Simon go back’.
- Who was the leader of Peasant Movement of Awadh ?Baba Ramchandra sanyasi
- Name the writer of the novel Anandamath.Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
- State the reason for calling off 'the Non-cooperation Movement' by Gandhiji?
Chauri-Chaura incident - In which session of the Indian National Congress was the demand for ‘Puma Swaraj’ formalized?Lahore Session, December 1929.
- Which Act did not permit plantation workers to leave the tea garden without permission?Inland Emigration Act of 1859.
- Name he writer of the book 'Hind Swaraj".
Mahatma Gandhi. - What combination of colours was there in the 'Swaraj flag' designed by Gandhiji in 1921
Red, Green and White. - The song ‘Vande Mataram’ was included in which famous novel of Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay?Anandmath
- When did M K Gandhi return back to India from South Africa?1915
- The Khilafat Committee was formed in which city?Bombay
- Which leader formed the Depressed Classes Association?Dr. Ambedkar
- Who was the president of the Muslim league in 1930?Sir Mohammad Iqbal.
- In what order did the following three movements take place during 1917-1918 by M k Gandhi?Champaran, Kheda, Ahmadabad mill.
- When did the non-cooperation movement start?Non-Cooperation Movement began in January 1921
- Who visualised and depicted the image of ‘Bharat Mata’ through a painting?Abanindranath Tagore
- Where did the brutal ‘Jallianwala Massacre’ take place?Amritsar
- Which party did not boycott the Council elections held in the year 1921?Justice Party
- Who founded the ‘Depressed Classes Association’ in 1930?Dr B.R. Ambedkar
- Name the writer of the novel ‘Anandamath’
The author of this novel is Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. - In which year and place did Mahatma Gandhi organise Satyagraha for the first time in India?
In 1917, in Champaran, Bihar. - What is meant by Begar ?Forced villagers to work without any payment was called forced labor.
- Why did Indians oppose the ‘Simon Commission’?Indians opposed the Commission because it did not have a single Indian member
- In which novel was the hymn 'Vande Mataram' included and who was the novel written by?
Novel- Aandamath
Author- Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay - Why was Simon commission sent to India in 1928?The Simon commission came to India in 1928 to look into the working of the Government of India Act 1919 and to suggest further constitutional reforms.
- Why Gandhiji supported the Khilafat Movement ?Mahatma Gandhi supported the Khilafat movement in order to unite the people of hindu and muslims religion and revolt against the British empire.
- Name two main ‘Satyagraha’ movements organized by Mahatma Gandhi successfully in favour of peasants in 1917 and 1917.Indigo Planters Movement in Champaran, Bihar in 1917.Peasants Satyagraha Movement in Kheda in 1917
- What was the main reason to withdraw the Non-cooperation Movement?
Mahatma Gandhi called off the Non-cooperation Movement because movement had turned violent in many places. - Who launched the Khilafat Movement ? Why was the Movement launched ?
Khilafat movement was a united struggle launched by Muhammed Ali and Shaukat Ali with the cooperation of Mahatma Gandhi.
This movement was launched in 1919 to oppose the abolition of the post a of Khalifa in Turkey by British Government. - Why was Congress reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority within the organization?(i) Gandhiji was convinced that it was the duty of women to look after the home and hearth, be good mothers and good wives.(ii) Congress was keen only on the symbolic presence of women within the organization
- What was the Rowlatt Act?Rowlatt Act was passed by the Imperial Legislative Council in 1919.This act gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities.This act allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
- What type of flag was designed during the ‘Swadeshi Movement’ inBengal ? Explain its main features.A tricolour flag was designed during the Swadeshi Movement in BengalIt had red, green and yellow colours.It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces(state) of British India, and a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims.
- What is meant by Satyagraha?
Satyagraha is a novel method of mass agitation The idea of Satyagraha emphasis the power of truth and the need to search for truth. Satyagraha is a non-violent method of mass agitation against the oppressor. Mahatma gandhi said that if you are fighting for truth and against injustice than there is no deed of physical force to defeat the oppressor. - Describe the main features of ‘Salt March’.(i) Mahatma Gandhi started salt march from Sabarmati to the Dandi on March 12, 1930.(ii) On 6 April he reached Dandi, and violated the law, manufacturing salt by sea water.(iii)This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
- The congress was reluctant to include the demands of industrial workers in its programme of struggle." Analyse the reasons.According to congress if the demands of industrial workers were included in its programme of struggle, then industrialists would get offended. The industrialists were supporting the Congress financially. So the congress did not want to anger the industrialists.Also a large part of the Congress's membership and funding came from industrialists and small businessmen.
- How was the Rowlatt Act opposed by the people in India ? Explain with examples.The Rowlatt Act was opposed by Indians in the following ways:◈ Rallies were organized in various cities.◈ Workers went on strike in railway workshops.◈Shops were closed down in protest.It was in opposition to the Rowlatt Act that the Jallianwala Bagh incident took place. General Dyer ordered his troops to open fire on the innocent civilian who had gathered from the city of Amritsar and outside to attend a peaceful meeting.
- Who was Alluri Sitaram Raju ? Explain his role in inspiring the rebels with Gandhi's ideas.Alluri Sitarama Raju was an Indian revolutionary who was involved in the fight for Indian independence. He led to militant guerrilla movement with tribal leaders.Raju talked of the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi and he was inspired by the Non-Cooperation Movement. He Inspired people to wear khadi and give up drinking. But at the same time he claimed that India could be liberated only by the use of force, not non-violence.
- What was the impact of the First World War on India ?
Or
Explain new economic and political situations created in India during the First World War.
Or
What was the impact of the First World War on the economic conditions in India ?
The First World war ( 1914-1918 ) created a new economic and political situation.
Indiya faced various problems during the war period
Defence expenditure increased
Customs duties increased
Prices of food grains doubled between 1913 - 1918
Forced recruitment in army
In 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many parts of India.
India faced acute food shortage
India faced influenza epidemic. - How did women participate in Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain.Women participated in large scale in the Civil Disobedience Movement.During Gandhiji’s salt march, thousands of women came out of their homes to listen toto the speeches of Gandhi.They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops.Moved by Gandhiji’s call, they began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of women.Inspired by Gandhiji's call, they began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of women.
- “The plantation workers in Assam had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of Swaraj”. Support the statement with arguments.According to the Inland Emigration Act 1859, the plantation workers in Assam were not allowed to leave the tea garden without permission.For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed.When they heard about the non-cooperation movement, they left the plantation and went home.They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own villages. But they did not reach their destination. Stranded on the way by a railway and steamer strike. they were caught by the police and brutally beaten up.
- Explain four points about Gandhiji’s idea of ‘satyagraha’.◈ Satyagraha according to Gandhiji was a novel method of mass agitation◈ The idea of Satyagraha emphasis the power of truth and the need to search for truth.◈ Mahatma Gandhi believed that this dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians.◈ Mahatma gandhi said that if you are fighting for truth and against injustice than there is no deed of physical force to defeat the oppressor. Without being aggressive a satyagrah could win the battle through Non-violence.
- Why did Gandhiji decide to launch a nationwide 'Satyagraha' against the proposed Rowlatt Act (1919)?
Gandhiji decide to launch a nationwide 'Satyagraha' against the proposed Rowlatt Act (1919) because of -
(a) This act had been hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council despite the united opposition of the Indian members
(b) This act gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities.
(c) This act allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. - How did Non-Cooperation movement start with participation of middle class people in the cities?The Non-Cooperation Movement started with the participation of middle class people in cities.◈ Students left government schools and colleges.◈ Headmasters and teachers resigned.◈ Lawyers gave up their legal practices.◈ The council elections were boycotted almost everywhere except in Madras.
- Explain any three effects of the Non Co-operation Movement on the economy of India.OrExplain Non Co-operation Movement impact on the economic front.(i) Foreign goods were boycotted, Liquor shops were blocked/picketed and Foreign cloths were burnt.(ii) The import of foreign cloth decreased to half in 1921 and 1922(iii) In many places merchants and traders refused to trade foreign goods or finance foreign trade.As a rsult of this people started wearing only Indian mill cloth and production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.
- Why did Gandhiji decide to withdraw the ‘Non-Cooperation Movement’ in February, 1922 ? Explain any three reasons.(i) Chauri Chaura incident : At Chauri Chaura (Gorakhpur) a peaceful demonstration in a bazaar turned into a violent clash with the police on February 1922. The incident led to the deaths of 22 policemen.(ii) Internal Heat of Congress : Some leaders were tired of struggles via non violence and wanted to participate in to the councils elections in order to stand oppose to British policies.(iii) Gandhiji felt that people were not ready for a non-violent mass struggle. He felt that they needed to be properly trained
- How did the Colonial Government repress the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’ ? Explain.(i) When thousandsof people started breaking the colonial laws then Worried colonial government started arresting the Congress leaders one by one.(ii) Abdul Ghaffar Khan was arrested in April 1930(iii) When Mahatma Gandhi was arrested, industrial workers in Sholapur attacked police posts, municipal buildings, law courts and railway stations. The British government was worried by the growth of the movement and adopted a policy of brutal repression.Peaceful satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were beaten, and about 100,000 people were arrested
- Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement ? Explain.(i) When thousandsof people started breaking the colonial laws then Worried colonial government started arresting the Congress leaders one by one. This led to violent clashes in many places(ii) When Abdul Ghaffar Khan was arrested in April 1930 angry crowdsdemonstrated in the streets of Peshawar, facing armoured cars and,police firing. Many people were killed in the attack.(iii) When Mahatma Gandhi was arrested, industrial workers in Sholapur attacked police posts, municipal buildings, law courts and railway stations. The British government was worried by the growth of the movement and adopted a policy of brutal repression.Peaceful satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were beaten, and about 100,000 people were arrestedIn such a situation, Mahatma Gandhi once again decided to call off the movement
- How did different social groups conceive the idea of ‘Non-cooperation’? Explain with examples.(i) The Middle class group : The Non-Cooperation Movement started with the participation of middle class people in cities. Students left government schools and colleges, Headmasters and teachers resigned, Lawyers gave up their legal practices.(ii) Peasants in Countryside : In Awadh, The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar, and social boycott of oppressive landlords. At many places landlords were deprived of the services of barbers and washermen.(iii)Tribals : In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh a militant guerrilla movement spread in the early 1920s by tribals.(iv) Workers in Plantations : The plantation workers in Assam were not allowed to leave the tea garden without permission. When they heard about the non-cooperation movement, they left the plantation and went home. But they did not reach their destination. Stranded on the way by a railway and steamer strike.
